Canada's electoral history from 1867 to today
The excesses of the first-past-the-post system
by Maurice Y. Michaud (he/him)
Aside from the fact that it is easy to understand and implement, one might be tempted to think that the FPTP system could give fair results in a context where there are only two dominant political parties. However, since the 1920s, there have been more than two dominant political parties in many Canadian jurisdictions and, in fact, in places where there are only two, FPTP has tended to overcompensate the winning party — sometimes to the point of an absurdity that seems anti-democratic by any reasonable measure.
The two most extreme cases in Canadian history in essentially two-party jurisdictions were the 1935 general election in Prince Edward Island, when the provincial Liberal Party won all 30 seats in the legislative assembly by getting 57.9% of the votes, and the 1987 election in New Brunswick when that province's Liberal Party swept up all 58 seats in the legislature with 60.4% of the vote — convincing majorities of the vote, certainly, but absolute majorities?
Prince Edward Island |
43 → 1935 :: 23 Jul 1935 — 17 May 1939 — Majority LIB
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 43 Majority
Majority=16 Ab.Maj.: +15 G.Maj.: +30
Population [1931]: 88,038
Eligible: n/a Particip.: n/a
Votes: 75,664 Unproductive: 31,840
Seats: 30 1 seat = 3.33%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 30
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes LIB Seats LIB
Plurality: ↳ +11,984 (+15.84%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +30 (+100.00%)
Position2: Votes CONS Seats n/a
|
Candidacies: 60 (✓ 30) LIB 30 CONS 30
|
LIB |
43,824 |
57.92 |
100.00 |
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
CONS
REJ
ABS |
31,840
——
—— |
42.08
——
—— |
This assembly was historic in the sense that there was no opposition member — the first such sweep in a legislature in the British empire.
|
|
New Brunswick |
51 → 1987 :: 13 Oct 1987 — 22 Sep 1991 — Majority LIB
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 51 Majority
Majority=30 Ab.Maj.: +29 G.Maj.: +58
Population [1987]: 726,566 (est.)
Eligible: 501,642 Particip.: 81.96%
Votes: 411,136 Unproductive: 164,434
Seats: 58 1 seat = 1.72%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 58
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes LIB Seats LIB
Plurality: ↳ +129,905 (+31.80%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +58 (+100.00%)
Position2: Votes PC Seats n/a
|
Candidacies: 184 (✓ 58) m: 153 (✓ 51) f: 31 (✓ 7) LIB 58 PC 58 NDP 52 IND 10
|
LIB |
246,702 |
60.39 |
100.00 |
58 |
|
|
|
|
|
PC
NDP
IND
REJ
ABS |
116,797
43,083
1,934
2,620
90,506 |
28.59
10.55
0.47
0.64
—— |
This assembly was the second and last in the history of assemblies in the British empire to yield no opposition, the first one having occurred following the 1935 general election on Prince Edward Island.
|
|
(It should be noted that general elections on Prince Edward Island tend to drastically overcompensate the winning party because of the small number of seats in the assembly.)
Examples of overcompensation of winning political parties that were less spectacular but just as striking include the 1975 and 1979 Alberta elections, and the 1973 Québec election. In these three cases, the winning party — the Progressive Conservatives in Alberta and the Liberal Party in Québec — obtained enormous pluralities and 92 to 93 percent of the seats. Yet the Alberta PCs had gotten "only" 63.4% of the votes in 1975 and 57.4% in 1979, while the Québec Liberals received a huge seat bonus with their 54.7% of the votes.
Alberta |
18 → 1975 :: 26 Mar 1975 — 13 Mar 1979 — Majority PC
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 18 Majority
Majority=38 Ab.Maj.: +32 G.Maj.: +63
Population [1975]: 1,795,097 (est.)
Eligible: 994,158 Particip.: 59.58%
Votes: 592,354 Unproductive: 34,591
Seats: 75 1 seat = 1.33%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 75
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes PC Seats PC
Plurality: ↳ +266,981 (+45.23%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +66 (+88.00%)
Position2: Votes SC Seats SC
|
Candidacies: 293 (✓ 75) m: 259 (✓ 73) f: 34 (✓ 2) PC 76 SC 70 NDP 75 OTH 22 LIB 46 IND 4
|
PC |
374,192 |
63.40 |
93.33 |
70 |
SC
NDP |
107,211
76,360 |
18.17
12.94 |
5.33
1.33 |
4
1 |
OTH
LIB
IND
REJ
ABS |
2,358
29,424
625
2,184
401,804 |
0.40
4.99
0.11
0.37
—— |
PC → PC 75 (✓ 69) ISC 1 (✓ 1 → Gordon E. Taylor, officially counted as Independent)
OTH → IPC 3 COMM 14 ILIB 2 CSPA 3
IPC ILIB
Votes were officially counted as Independent.
|
|
19 → 1979 :: 14 Mar 1979 — 1 Nov 1982 — Majority PC
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 19 Majority
Majority=40 Ab.Maj.: +35 G.Maj.: +69
Population [1979]: 2,079,840 (est.)
Eligible: 1,215,490 Particip.: 58.71%
Votes: 713,654 Unproductive: 52,289
Seats: 79 1 seat = 1.27%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 79
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes PC Seats PC
Plurality: ↳ +266,813 (+37.53%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +70 (+88.61%)
Position2: Votes SC Seats SC
|
Candidacies: 334 (✓ 79) m: 290 (✓ 73) f: 44 (✓ 6) PC 79 SC 79 NDP 79 LIB 78 OTH 11 IND 8
|
PC |
408,097 |
57.40 |
93.67 |
74 |
SC
NDP |
141,284
111,984 |
19.87
15.75 |
5.06
1.27 |
4
1 |
LIB
OTH
IND
REJ
ABS |
43,792
2,376
3,430
2,691
501,836 |
6.16
0.33
0.48
0.38
—— |
Difference since the previous general election: +4 seats
OTH → IPC 3 ICHR 1 COMM 7
IPC ICHR Votes were officially counted as Independent. Two of the three IPC officially Independent Conservative.
|
|
Québec |
30 → 1973 :: 29 Oct 1973 — 14 Nov 1976 — Majority QLP
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 30 Majority
Majority=56 Ab.Maj.: +47 G.Maj.: +94
Population [1973]: 6,199,080 (est.)
Eligible: 3,763,911 Particip.: 80.39%
Votes: 3,025,738 Unproductive: 209,489
Seats: 110 1 seat = 0.91%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 110
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes QLP Seats QLP
Plurality: ↳ +725,925 (+24.43%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +96 (+87.28%)
Position2: Votes PQ Seats PQ
|
Candidacies: 479 (✓ 110) m: 453 (✓ 109) f: 26 (✓ 1) QLP 110 PQ 110 SCRQ 109 UN 110 IND 26 OTH 14
|
QLP |
1,623,734 |
54.65 |
92.73 |
102 |
PQ
SCRQ |
897,809
294,706 |
30.22
9.92 |
5.45
1.82 |
6
2 |
UN
IND
OTH
REJ
ABS |
146,209
7,195
1,325
54,760
738,173 |
4.92
0.24
0.04
1.81
—— |
Difference since the previous general election: +2 seats
OTH → ML 14
|
|
And while the 1879 Ontario general election is far in the past, the fact that the Liberal Party of Ontario got nearly twice as many seats as the Conservatives, and that with only 2 more votes, goes a long way toward proving that the FPTP system has always been prone to yielding bizarre outcomes. That province's history of poor voter turnout might explain why FPTP is consistently dysfunctional there.
Ontario |
4 → 1879 :: 5 Jun 1879 — 26 Feb 1883 — Majority LIB
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 4 Majority
Majority=45 Ab.Maj.: +12 G.Maj.: +24
Population [1871]: 1,620,851
Eligible: 392,085 Particip.: 63.22%
Votes: 247,857 Unproductive: 8,691
Seats: 88 1 seat = 1.14%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 88
↳ By acclamation: 2 (2.27%)
Plurality: Votes LIB Seats LIB
Plurality: ↳ +2 (+0.00%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +26 (+29.55%)
Position2: Votes LC Seats LC
|
Candidacies: 189 (✓ 88) LIB 80 LC 87 OTH 3 IND 19
|
LIB |
118,515 |
47.82 |
63.64 |
56 |
LC
OTH |
118,513
2,111 |
47.82
0.85 |
34.09
2.27 |
30
2 |
OTH
IND
REJ
ABS |
606
8,085
——
144,228 |
0.24
3.26
——
—— |
LIB By acclamation: 1. Got only 2 more votes than the Conservatives but won nearly double the number of seats.
LC By acclamation: 1
OTH → ICON 2 (✓ 2) LAB 1
|
|
Meanwhile, although the Progressive Conservative Party could be commended for achieving the rare feat federally of winning 50% of the popular vote in the 1984 general election, was its majority in the House of Commons not grossly exaggerated? Based of the popular vote, we could have expected the Liberal Party to have won close to twice as many seats and about two thirds more for the NDP, while the Conservatives netted nearly 50% more. In short, FPTP has this annoying tendency of creating crushing but oversized victories.
Canada |
33 → 1984 :: 4 Sep 1984 — 20 Nov 1988 — Majority PC
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 33 Majority
Majority=142 Ab.Maj.: +70 G.Maj.: +140
Population [1984]: 25,533,398 (est.)
Eligible: 16,808,826 Particip.: 75.19%
Votes: 12,637,815 Unproductive: 450,396
Seats: 282 1 seat = 0.35%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 282
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes PC Seats PC
Plurality: ↳ +2,762,332 (+22.01%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +171 (+60.64%)
Position2: Votes LIB Seats LIB
|
Candidacies: 1,449 (✓ 282) m: 1,232 (✓ 255) f: 217 (✓ 27) PC 282 LIB 282 NDP 282 IND 85 QNP 74 GRN 60 SC 51 OTH 333
|
PC |
6,278,818 |
50.03 |
74.82 |
211 |
LIB
NDP
IND |
3,516,486
2,359,915
32,200 |
28.02
18.81
0.26 |
14.18
10.64
0.35 |
40
30
1 |
IND
QNP
GRN
SC
OTH
REJ
ABS |
29,165
85,865
26,751
16,659
203,003
88,953
4,171,011 |
0.23
0.68
0.21
0.13
1.62
0.70
—— |
OTH → RHIN 89 CORW 55 LBT 72 COMM 52 CWC 65
|
|
But then who can forget the 1993 federal election that saw that same Progressive Conservative Party win only 0.7% of the seats (i.e., 2) on the weight of 16% of the votes against the Liberal Party's 60% of the seats (i.e., 177) for getting 41.3% of the votes? Although the PC Party did come back a little in 1997 and 2000, it is widely agreed that its 1993 spanking, prompted in good part by the wear of power and a profound disatisfaction towards the party but also by the rise of Western Canadian conservatism, relegated it to the dustbin of history.
Canada |
35 → 1993 :: 25 Oct 1993 — 1 Jun 1997 — Majority LIB
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 35 Majority
Majority=148 Ab.Maj.: +30 G.Maj.: +59
Population [1993]: 28,600,864 (est.)
Eligible: 19,814,718 Particip.: 69.96%
Votes: 13,862,010 Unproductive: 662,449
Seats: 295 1 seat = 0.34%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 295
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes LIB Seats LIB
Plurality: ↳ +3,088,707 (+22.60%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +123 (+41.69%)
Position2: Votes REF Seats BQ
|
Candidacies: 2,156 (✓ 295) m: 1,678 (✓ 242) f: 478 (✓ 53) LIB 295 BQ 75 REF 207 NDP 294 PC 295 IND 152 GRN 79 OTH 759
|
LIB |
5,647,952 |
41.32 |
60.00 |
177 |
BQ
REF
NDP
PC
IND |
1,846,024
2,559,245
939,575
2,186,422
20,343 |
13.51
18.72
6.87
16.00
0.15 |
18.31
17.63
3.05
0.68
0.34 |
54
52
9
2
1 |
IND
GRN
OTH
REJ
ABS |
89,050
32,979
346,081
194,339
5,952,708 |
0.65
0.24
2.53
1.40
—— |
OTH → NP 171 NLP 231 CHP 59 LBT 52 ABOL 80 CAN 56 CWC 59 ML 51
|
|
Admittedly, not all elections held under the FPTP system have yielded such counterintuitive results, but rare are the examples of results that have fairly accurately reflected the will of the people, with few distortions. The 1960 Québec general election is one of them. But the more predominant and strange hallmark of FPTP is that at least one party is often grossly over- or underrepresented, not to mention that the party winning the plurality of votes in the entire jurisdiction is not guaranteed to be called upon to form government, as was the case six years later when, to everyone's surprise, the Union nationale formed a majority government as it did back in 1944 by losing the popular vote even more in '66! So, a puzzling bug of FPTP is that it can lead to the "wrong winner," which is something that has occurred several times in Canada, including most recently in the 2019 and 2021 federal general elections.
Québec |
26 → 1960 :: 22 Jun 1960 — 13 Nov 1962 — Majority QLP
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 26 Majority
Majority=48 Ab.Maj.: +4 G.Maj.: +7
Population [1960]: 5,119,000 (est.)
Eligible: 2,608,439 Particip.: 81.66%
Votes: 2,130,120 Unproductive: 66,458
Seats: 95 1 seat = 1.05%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 95
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes QLP Seats QLP
Plurality: ↳ +99,814 (+4.77%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: +8 (+8.42%)
Position2: Votes UN Seats UN
|
Candidacies: 254 (✓ 95) QLP 95 UN 95 QSDP 1 IND 16 OTH 47
|
QLP |
1,077,135 |
51.38 |
53.68 |
51 |
UN
IND |
977,321
9,206 |
46.61
0.44 |
45.26
1.05 |
43
1 |
IND
QSDP
OTH
REJ
ABS |
14,212
166
18,559
33,521
478,319 |
0.68
0.01
0.89
1.57
—— |
Difference since the previous general election: +2 seats
Because of missing raw data for a few ridings, "Eligible," "Participation" and "Rejected" were taken from the Assemblée nationale du Québec.
OTH → UNI 21 ILIB 20 COMM 2 LR 1 FC 1 UNO 1 OI 1
|
|
28 → 1966 :: 5 Jun 1966 — 28 Apr 1970 — Majority UN
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 28 Majority
Majority=55 Ab.Maj.: +2 G.Maj.: +4
Population [1966]: 5,780,845
Eligible: 3,222,302 Particip.: 73.09%
Votes: 2,370,359 Unproductive: 305,067
Seats: 108 1 seat = 0.93%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 108
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes QLP Seats UN
Plurality: ↳ +141,321 (+6.08%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: -6 (-5.55%)
Position2: Votes UN Seats QLP
|
Candidacies: 418 (✓ 108) m: 407 (✓ 107) f: 11 (✓ 1) UN 108 QLP 107 IND 29 RN 89 SCRQ 1 OTH 84
|
UN |
948,928 |
40.82 |
51.85 |
56 |
QLP
IND |
1,090,249
26,115 |
46.90
1.12 |
46.30
1.85 |
50
2 |
IND
RN
SCRQ
OTH
REJ
ABS |
42,080
74,496
174
142,636
45,681
851,943 |
1.81
3.20
0.01
6.14
1.93
—— |
The electoral system brought the "wrong winner" at the head of the seat count.
Difference since the previous general election: +13 seats
Because of missing raw data for a few ridings, "Eligible," "Participation" and "Rejected" were taken from the Assemblée nationale du Québec.
UN Last government formed by this party.
OTH → RIN 73 ILIB 1 CON 3 COMM 4 PVR 1 SOV 1 PDE 1
|
|
22 → 1944 :: 8 Aug 1944 — 27 Jul 1948 — Majority UN
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 22 Majority
Majority=46 Ab.Maj.: +3 G.Maj.: +5
Population [1941]: 3,331,882
Eligible: 1,865,396 Particip.: 72.13%
Votes: 1,345,560 Unproductive: 76,792
Seats: 91 1 seat = 1.10%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 91
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes QLP Seats UN
Plurality: ↳ +13,030 (+0.98%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: -11 (-12.09%)
Position2: Votes UN Seats QLP
|
Candidacies: 333 (✓ 91) UN 92 QLP 90 OTH 96 CCF 25 IND 17 UE 13
|
UN |
510,293 |
38.37 |
52.75 |
48 |
QLP
OTH
CCF
IND |
523,323
191,564
37,001
6,587 |
39.35
14.40
2.78
0.50 |
40.66
4.40
1.10
1.10 |
37
4
1
1 |
OTH
IND
UE
REJ
ABS |
29,307
12,766
19,128
15,591
519,836 |
2.20
0.96
1.44
2.40
1.16
—— |
The electoral system brought the "wrong winner" at the head of the seat count.
Difference since the previous general election: +5 seats
First provincial general election in which women could run for office or vote.
CCF First and last time this party was represented in this assembly.
UE → UE 12 CP 1
OTH → BPC 80 (✓ 4) ILIB 7 OI 2 LPP 3 UNI 2 NI 1 BPI 1
BPC Party opposed to conscription during World War II.
|
|
Canada |
43 → 2019 :: 21 Oct 2019 — 19 Sep 2021 — Minority LIB
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 43 Minority
Majority=170 Ab.Maj.: -13 G.Maj.: -24
Population [2019]: 37,422,946 (est.)
Eligible: 27,373,058 Particip.: 67.04%
Votes: 18,350,359 Unproductive: 606,627
Seats: 338 1 seat = 0.30%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 338
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes CPC Seats LIB
Plurality: ↳ +210,765 (+1.16%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: -36 (-10.65%)
Position2: Votes LIB Seats CPC
|
Candidacies: 2,146 (✓ 338) m: 1,397 (✓ 240) f: 748 (✓ 98) x: 1 (✓ 0)
LIB 338 CPC 337 BQ 78 NDP 338 GRN 337 IND 127 PPC 315 OTH 276
|
LIB |
6,018,728 |
33.12 |
46.45 |
157 |
CPC
BQ
NDP
GRN
IND |
6,229,493
1,387,030
2,903,722
1,187,494
17,265 |
34.28
7.63
15.98
6.54
0.10 |
35.80
9.47
7.10
0.89
0.30 |
121
32
24
3
1 |
IND
PPC
OTH
REJ
ABS |
68,873
294,092
64,183
179,479
9,022,699 |
0.37
1.62
0.35
0.98
—— |
The electoral system brought the "wrong winner" at the head of the seat count.
OTH → CHP 51 RHIN 39 LBT 24 VCP 25 APPC 17 ML 51 PPIQ 13 COMM 29
OTH → PCP 3 MP 4 CFF 7 UPC 4 NCA 4 SCC 2 CNP 3
|
|
44 → 2021 :: 20 Sep 2021 — Present — Minority LIB → Majority LIB NDP
Summary |
Government |
Opposition |
Unproductive votes |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
Seats |
Party |
Votes |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
% |
# |
# |
% |
Parliament: 44 Minority
Majority=170 Ab.Maj.: -11 G.Maj.: -20
Population [2021]: 38,246,108
Eligible: 27,509,496 Particip.: 62.56%
Votes: 17,209,811 Unproductive: 1,192,177
Seats: 338 1 seat = 0.30%
↳ Elec.Sys.: FPTP: 338
↳ By acclamation: 0 (0.00%)
Plurality: Votes CPC Seats LIB
Plurality: ↳ +202,436 (+1.19%)
Plurality: ↳ Seats: -40 (-11.83%)
Position2: Votes LIB Seats CPC
|
Candidacies: 2,010 (✓ 338) m: 1,247 (✓ 235) f: 760 (✓ 103) x: 3 (✓ 0)
LIB 337 CPC 336 BQ 78 NDP 336 GRN 252 IND 95 PPC 312 OTH 264
|
LIB
NDP |
5,537,638
3,022,328 |
32.51
17.74 |
47.04
7.40 |
159
25 |
CPC
BQ
GRN
IND |
5,740,074
1,301,615
396,988
18,991 |
33.70
7.64
2.33
0.11 |
35.21
9.47
0.59
0.30 |
119
32
2
1 |
IND
PPC
OTH
REJ
ABS |
53,837
840,993
121,779
175,568
10,299,685 |
0.32
4.94
1.18
1.02
—— |
The electoral system brought the "wrong winner" at the head of the seat count.
LIB Rajinder (Raj) Saini withdrew his candidacy but after closure of nominations, so remained listed as the candidate in Kitchener Centre (ON).
LIB → IND Kevin Vuong was elected in Spadina—Fort York (ON) but had been dropped from the ticket and sat as an independent MP (votes received recorded as such).
CPC → IND The candidate in Beaches—East York (ON) had been dropped from the ticket. Votes received recorded as independent.
NDP → IND The candidates in Cumberland—Colchester (NS) and Toronto—St. Paul's (ON) had been dropped from the ticket. Votes received recorded as independents.
OTH → FREE 59 MAV 29 CHP 25 RHIN 27 LBT 13 COMM 26 ML 36 PPIQ 10
OTH → APPC 10 MP 9 VCP 7 CENT 4 NCAC 4 PAT 2 CFF 2 CNP 1
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Perhaps you are thinking that I selected these examples because they make my point and ignored those that contradict it. However, aside from the first two examples which were glaringly obvious, I had to deliberate long and hard as to which ones out of the 411 partisan general elections I should present here, for rare are those that do not have some degree of distortion between the popular vote and the seat counts. You can go see for yourself in the "Summary of general elections" area of the Elections section.
But perhaps before you do that, allow me to make my full-on argument for PR.
© 2019, 2024 :: PoliCan.ca (
Maurice Y. Michaud)
Pub.: 9 May 2022 23:15
Rev.: 25 Oct 2023 07:41